the internet in Iraq is subject to censorship, although the extent and nature of restrictions vary depending on political, security, and social factors. Internet censorship in Iraq primarily targets political dissent, extremist content, and what authorities deem as morally inappropriate material. However, restrictions have also been imposed on social media, news websites, and communication platforms during periods of political unrest or security crises.
Forms of Internet Censorship in Iraq
- Blocking of Websites and Social Media Platforms
- The Iraqi government has periodically blocked social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and TikTok, especially during protests or political turmoil.
- In times of crisis, platforms such as Telegram and WhatsApp have been restricted to limit the spread of information and prevent mobilization of protestors.
- Internet Shutdowns and Restrictions
- Authorities have repeatedly imposed internet blackouts, particularly during major protests (e.g., the 2019 anti-government protests).
- Shutdowns have also been enforced during national exams to prevent cheating.
- Surveillance and Monitoring
- The government, along with intelligence agencies, actively monitors online activities, particularly those of journalists, activists, and political opposition.
- Critics of the government, especially those exposing corruption, have reported facing threats, arrests, or intimidation.
- Crackdown on Political Dissent
- The government has criminalized speech deemed as “inciting violence” or “threatening national security.”
- Social media users who criticize politicians or government policies have been detained or harassed.
- Censorship of Media Outlets
- Independent news websites and media outlets that challenge the government or report on sensitive issues such as corruption, militia influence, or foreign interventions have been blocked or restricted.
- Moral and Religious Censorship
- Websites featuring adult content or material deemed offensive to religious or cultural values are often blocked.
- Content that challenges traditional beliefs or promotes LGBTQ+ rights faces strict censorship.
Who Enforces Internet Censorship in Iraq?
- The Communications and Media Commission (CMC) oversees media and internet regulations.
- The Ministry of Interior and security agencies enforce cyber laws.
- Militias and political factions sometimes exert influence over censorship policies, targeting journalists and activists.
International and Domestic Responses
- Human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, have condemned Iraq’s internet restrictions as violations of freedom of expression.
- Iraqi activists and journalists often use VPNs to bypass censorship, but authorities have occasionally attempted to block VPN services.
- Despite censorship efforts, social media continues to play a crucial role in activism and spreading awareness in Iraq.
Conclusion
Internet censorship in Iraq remains a significant issue, especially concerning freedom of speech and digital rights. While the government justifies restrictions in the name of security and public order, these measures often serve to suppress political dissent and control information. However, despite these challenges, Iraqis continue to find ways to communicate, mobilize, and express their opinions online.